Posterior vitrectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove the vitreous gel from the eye, allowing the surgeon to access the retina for the treatment of retinal conditions such as retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, or macular holes. During the procedure, small incisions are made in the eye, and specialized instruments are used to remove the vitreous gel, repair the retina, and often inject gases or liquids to hold the retina in place.

This surgery is typically performed under local anesthesia or sedation, and recovery may involve the patient keeping their head in a specific position for a few days. Posterior vitrectomy can improve vision and prevent further retinal damage in patients with retinal conditions.